When to claim climate tax breaks, rebates

Households may soon be able to claim thousands of dollars in tax breaks and rebates if they take steps to reduce their carbon footprint.

But eco-friendly consumers must wait until 2023 — perhaps even 2024 or later — to see many of those financial benefits.

The Inflation Reduction Act, which President Joe Biden signed into law on Aug. 16, represents the largest federal investment to fight climate change in U.S. history. Among other measures, the law offers financial incentives to consumers who buy high-efficiency appliances, purchase electric cars or install rooftop solar panels, for example.

Those incentives and various qualification requirements kick in according to different timelines. Here’s when consumers can expect to see them and how to decide when to make a purchase.

Consumers may also be eligible for additional electric-vehicle incentives from state and local governments or utility providers, per rules already on the books.

The timing for used vehicles is relatively straightforward: Purchases qualify for the new federal tax break starting in 2023. This “credit for previously-owned clean vehicles” is available to the end of 2032. However, consumers in the market for a used vehicle may wish to wait until 2024 or later (more on that in a bit).

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Timing for new vehicles is more complex. There are three timeframes worth considering, each with their own benefits and drawbacks: purchases in 2022, 2023 and 2024 onward, according to Joel Levin, executive director of Plug In America.

There was a tax break for new electric vehicles already on the books — also worth up to $7,500. But the Inflation Reduction Act tweaked some rules that may limit who qualifies in the near term.

One rule took effect when Biden signed the law Aug. 16. It stipulates that final assembly of the new car must take place in North America.

Additionally, consumers’ household income and a vehicle’s retail price must fall below certain thresholds starting in 2023 to qualify for a tax break.

Consumers who buy in 2022 can avoid those requirements; however, they would still be subject to the North American final-assembly rules that took effect in August. The IRS and U.S. Department of Energy have tips to help consumers determine which car models qualify.

Many new electric vehicles may not be immediately eligible for the tax break in 2023 as companies work to meet new manufacturing rules, according to experts.

“If you want an EV, go buy an EV, [but] to wait four months for the credit is risky,” Levin said. “There’s a lot of uncertainty what will be available Jan. 1.”

One potential upside to waiting until 2023 or later: Purchases of General Motors and Tesla car models would be eligible. They aren’t eligible in 2022 due to existing restrictions on the tax credit that will expire next year.

“If you’re looking at those two and are really concerned about getting a [tax] credit, you should wait,” Levin said. Of course, consumers would need to meet income and sales-price rules at that point.

Consumers who buy qualifying cars in 2022 or 2023 would only get the tax credit when they file their tax returns — and then only if they have a tax liability. That means consumers may wait several months to a year for their benefit, depending on purchase timing.

“If your tax liability is $5,000, you can use $5,000 of the credit — the other $2,500 goes poof,” Steven Schmoll, a director at KPMG, said of the new-vehicle credit.

The Inflation Reduction Act also creates two rebate programs tied to clean energy and efficiency: one offering up to $8,000 and another up to $14,000.

Unlike some of the tax credits, these rebates are designed to be offered at the point of sale — meaning upfront savings for consumers.

One catch: They likely won’t be broadly available until the second half of 2023 or later, according to experts. That’s because the Energy Department must issue rules governing these programs; states, which will administer the rebate programs, must then apply for federal grants; after approval, they can start issuing rebates to consumers.

The law doesn’t set a required timeframe for this process.

Even according to the most optimistic timeline, those funds may not become available to consumers until summer 2023, according to Kara Saul-Rinaldi, president and CEO of AnnDyl Policy Group, an energy and environmental policy strategy firm

“Everything is going to depend on how quickly these guidelines can be written and put in place,” said Saul-Rinaldi, who helped design the rebate programs.

Some states may also decide not to apply for the grants — meaning rebates wouldn’t be available to homeowners in those states, Saul-Rinaldi added.

The HOMES rebate program offers up to $8,000 for consumers who cut their home energy via efficiency upgrades, such as insulation or HVAC installations. Overall savings depend on energy reduction and household income level.

The “high-efficiency electric home rebate program” offers up to $14,000. Households get rebates when they buy efficient electric appliances: up to $1,750 for a heat pump water heater; $8,000 for a heat pump for space heating or cooling; and $840 for an electric stove or an electric heat pump clothes dryer, for example. Non-appliance upgrades like electric wiring also qualify.

Rebates from the “high-efficiency” program are only available to lower-income households, defined as those earning less 150% of an area’s median income.

Steve Nadel, the executive director of the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, expects most states to participate; they’re unlikely to pass up free money for residents from the federal government, he said.

Large states “who have their act together and have the staff” may be able to start offering the rebates as soon as early 2023, he said.